Today we decided
to do another entry, this one is about the additional information that we
want to share with you because we think is interesting to do so.
There are some photos of typical
material and stuff that our interviewee told us that they used to use during
their scholar period, and also gave us the name of those materials that we
would like to share with you today.
The lunch box and a game that they used, this is a box with numbers and letters.
These are some of the notebooks that they used to use. And the middle photo is the "Marks paper"
This photo show the way the kids were punished this decade. One of the is wearing "donkey ears" and the other one is doing some copies on the blackboard.
This are some material that they used in maths class. The first one is a compass and the sencond picture are some geometrical figures.
This is the encyclopedia that was the book they used to learn
The crucifix was in every class. The globe, and this map to learn more about Spain and their food.
This are some crayons, chalks and the pencil case.
And finally this is the abacus.
Secondly, we also want to share an
extra video that we found on the internet about other experiences that other
women have told, and that video is on the internet. So we thought it would be
an amazing extra material or information to share.
Welcome to our blog. Today's entry is about the background of Spain in the 50's and the 60's. We talk about the economics, the society and mostly about the education. We hope you found it interesting, so here it is: Spain in the 50’s and the 60’s
On
the 50’s and the 60’s in Spain was the dictatorship called Francoism. That corresponds with Francisco Franco in the
Government, he was also called “El
caudillo de la Jefatura Del Estado”. This period is between the ends of the
Spanish Civil War, in 1939, until his dead in 1975.
In
the 50’s, when the Cold War was happening, because of the geographical position
of Spain and its military dictatorship became a strategic country for the
United States and its allies against the USSR.
In
the 60’s, the economic development improved in a good way, but unequal, the
level of life of the majority of the population formed a “middle class” that
before was nonexistent. The personal and political freedom level did not rise
as much as the economical. The opposite mobilizations started against the
dictatorship by workers and students.
The economic development
In
the 50’s, the Spanish economic situation started to improve because of United
States of America and its new economical politics. United States supported Spain
with money and bank credits because of the Cold War. Some of the symptoms of
this improvement was the end of fractionating the food, and the fact that the
average of the income was higher than the one that they had in the beginning of
the war.
Franco
with this situation created a new government. They establish and elaborated a
brand new and planned economical politics in 1959, which showed some positive
sights soon.
In
the 60’s this favorable situation helped the growth of the Spanish factories
and services. The foreign investors came attracted by the low working costs. The
development and the massive exodus ended with the strike.
The
exodus was unleashed from the rural parts of the country to the industrials
ones, and to another countries in Europe.
The
economy kept growing, but the plan did not work and the imbalance grew between
regions.
The society and the
social changes
In the 60’s the social change
was significant because of:
The rural exodus to the cities and Western
Europe. More than 1 million people moved to France, Germany, Switzerland, etc.
This exodus brought positives consequences,
but also the difference wealth between some regions in Spain.
The increase of population. The mortality
rate got lower, while the birth rate got higher.
Also the
increased of the health benefits and pension systems. The housing deficit was
reduced because of the construction campaigns.
The economic
development favored the creation of the consumer society in Spain. In the late
60’s, 2 out of 3 houses had TV and 1 out of 4 had a car. The consumer society
favored mobility and also the access to the mass media. This brought a new
mentality with three interrelated consequences:
The
loss of the influence in the catholic doctrine in the society.
New habits in
the social and sexual relationship.
Influence of new
trends and traditions from another country.
The education in the 50’s and
the 60’s
During the 50’s and the 60’s
in Spain the education was regulated by “Moyano
Law” published in 1857, this document was written by the Minister of public works named Manuel Alfonso
Martinez, and promoted by Claudio Moyano, that is the way of its name. This
document left a mark in the historical started for education.
This law, has been the longer
one to be valid, for 100 years.
With this law the government tried
to improve the bad condition of education in Spain. One of the European countries
with a higher illiteracy rate on this decade. So they tried to organize three
levels of education.
Primary education: compulsory from 6 to 9 years - old and free for those who could not
paid for it.
Secondary education: the opening of new high schools in every capital of the state. It’s fully
allowed in religious schools.
High education: in university, the economical management by the government.
The “Moyano Law” was valid until 1970, when the government published
the new education law, called “Ley
General de Educación”.
In 1945, a new primary
education law was published. The most important thing about this law is the
fact that in the middle of a post - war period
the compulsory years in primary education changed from 6 until 12 years - old,
enlarging 2 years this primary education. The rest of the law is the same as
the “Moyano Law”, there was no
modification, and the organization of education was the same.
During the Francoism an educational book was written, this book was called “The White Book of Education” that was
elaborated by the government.
Some of the topics, which this
book talk about, are:
At the end
of the 50’s and the beginning of the 60’s the 17% of the adult population was illiterate,
mostly women.
The progress
of the educational system depends mostly on the social class and the rural or
city region. For example:
oTo university
was only for the high class family kids, and in a fewer cases, the working
class kids.
oThe 100% of
the kids from a working class, in a village, that started the primary
education, only 4.2% did the secondary education, and only 0.2% went to the
university.
oThe 100% of
the kids from a middle class, in the city, that started the primary education,
only 49.9% did the secondary education, and only 6% went to the university.
oThe 100% of
the kids from a high class, in the city, that started the primary education,
71.9% did the secondary education, and the 14.2% went to the university.
The public
education had a lower power in the secondary education, because only 21.5% of
the population was studying. The rest of that percentage was studying in
private schools, normally religious ones, or on their own.
They big inequality
with the family incomes and opportunities affected in the education, for
example Madrid was one of the richest and Galicia was one of the poorest.
We also would like to leave you a video which talks about this book "The White Book of Education" and what is behind it.
